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- 羅馬皇帝列表
- For a simplified list, see Concise list of Roman Emperors
- For more information, see History of the Roman Empire.
| Emperor of the Roman Empire | ||
|---|---|---|
 Coat of Arms of the Roman Empire |
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| Augustus, first Roman Emperor | ||
| First emperor | Augustus Caesar | |
| Last emperor | Romulus Augustus (476) or Julius Nepos (480) (WEST) Constantine XI (1453) (EAST) |
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| Emperorship started | 27 BC | |
| Emperorship ended | 476 AD (earliest) 1453 AD(latest) |
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The title of Roman Emperor, although in some ways a modern concept, effectively summarises the position held by those individuals who wielded power in the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire developed from the Roman Republic after its ascent to the dominant power in Europe, and is characterised by the concentration of power in one individual, rather than the "Senate and People of Rome". However, Augustus, universally accepted to have been the first emperor, was careful to maintain the facade of republic rule, and took no specific title to mark his rule (which began in 27 BC).[1] Instead, he simply concentrated the pre-existing powers of Roman magistrates upon his own person, taking the existing honorific of 'Princeps Senatus' (the 'first' man of the senate).[1] This style of government, which lasted for nearly 300 years, is thus called the 'Principate'. The modern word 'emperor' derives from the title 'Imperator', which was granted by an army to a successful general; as such, during the initial phase of the Roman Empire, it still had to be earned by the 'Princeps'. The term 'emperor', though modern, is used when describing rulers of the Roman Empire, since it a) emphasises the strong links between the ruler and the army (on whose support the ruler's power depended), and b) does not discriminate between the style of rule in different phases of the Empire.
In the late 3rd century AD, after the Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian formalised and embellished the recent manner of imperial rule, establishing the so-called 'Dominate' period of the Roman Empire. This was characterised by the explicit investment of authority in the person of the Emperor, and the use of the style 'Dominus Noster' ('Our Lord'). From Diocletian onwards, there were often multiple simultaneous emperors, dividing the rule of the vast territories between them. After 395 AD, and the death of Theodosius I, the Empire became more firmly split into an Western and Eastern halves[2] They were not legally separate however, and the Emperor of the more stable Eastern Empire often imposed his authority over the Western half. The Western Empire was heavily troubled after 395 AD, and collapsed completely after 455 AD, the last Western Emperor abdicating in 476 AD; after which the Eastern Empire maintained claim to the territories in the west. The Eastern Empire would continue until 1453, and the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks.[3] The Eastern Emperors, nowadays generally known as the Byzantine Emperors, continued unbroken succession of Roman Emperors. The listing of the earlier Byzantine Emperors in this article ends with Justin II, last of the Justinian dynasty.
- For further Eastern/Byzantine Emperors, see: List of Byzantine Emperors.
The emperors listed in this article are those generally agreed to have been 'legitimate' emperors (e.g. not usurpers, etc.). However, since the emperorship was rather vaguely defined legally, which persons were 'legitimate' is not easy to define; many of the 'legitimate' emperors accessed to the position by usurption, and many 'illegitemate' claimants had a legitimate claim to the position. The following criteria can be used to derive the list:
- Any individual who undisputedly ruled the whole Empire, at some point, must, in point of fact, be a 'legitimate emperor'(1).
- Any individual who was nominated as heir or co-emperor by a legitimate emperor (1), and who succeeded to rule in their own right, is a legitimate emperor (2).
- Where there were multiple claimants, and none were legitimate heirs; the claimant accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor is the legitimate emperor (3), at least during the Principate.
So for instance, Aurelian, though acceeding to the throne by usurption, was the sole and undisputed between 274-275 AD, and thus was a legitimate emperor. Gallienus, though not in control of the whole Empire, and plagued by other claimants, was the legitimate heir of (the legitimate emperor) Valerian. Claudius Gothicus, though acceeding illegally, and not in control of the whole Empire, was the only claimant accepted by the Senate, and thus, for his reign, was the legitimate emperor. Equally, during the Year of the Four Emperors, all claimants, though not undisputed, were at some point accepted by the Senate and are thus included; conversely, during the Year of the Five Emperors neither Pescennius Niger or Clodius Albinus were accepted by the Senate, and are thus not included. There are a few examples where individuals were made co-emperor, but never wielded power in their own right (typically the child of an emperor); these are legitimate, but are listed together with the 'senior' emperor.
The above formula holds until 395, when the Western and Eastern halves of the Empire split. After that, it continues to hold, with the caveat that a legitimate emperor had undisputed control over one half of the Empire. Towards the end of the Western Empire (after 455), the emperor ceased to be a relevant figure and there was sometimes actually no claimant. For the sake of historical completeness, all Western Emperors after that point are included, even though Romulus Augustus, traditionally the "last Roman Emperor" was technically a usurper.
- For a more exhaustive list of all claimants, including usurpers, see Concise list of Roman Emperors
Contents |
Principate
Julio-Claudian dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Augustus CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS |
23 September 63 BC, Nola, Italia | 16 January 27 BC - 19 August AD 14 | Became de facto emperor as a result of the 'first settlement' between himself and the Roman Senate. |  |
19 August AD 14 Probably old age, possibly assassinated. |
| Tiberius TIBERIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS |
16 November 42 BC, Rome | 19 August 14 AD - 16 March 37 AD | Son of Augustus's wife Livia by a previous marriage; adopted son of Augustus. |  |
16 March 37 AD Probably old age, possibly assassinated. |
| Caligula GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS |
31 August 12 AD, Antium, Italia | 18 March 37 AD - 24 January 41 AD | Son of Tiberius's nephew Germanicus. |  |
24 January 41 AD Assassinated in a conspiracy involving senators and Praetorian Guards. |
| Claudius TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS |
1 August 10 BC, Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis | 24 January 41 AD - 13 October 54 AD | Nephew of Tiberius, brother of Germanicus and uncle of Caligula; proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard. |  |
13 October 54 AD Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina the Younger, in favour of her son Nero. |
| Nero NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS |
15 December 37 AD, Antium, Italia | 13 October 54 AD - 11 June 68 AD | Grandson of Germanicus, step-, and adopted son of Claudius. |  |
11 June 68 AD Committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the Senate. |
Year of the Four Emperors & Flavian Dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galba SERVIVS GALBA IMPERATOR CAESAR AVGVSTVS |
24 December 3 BC, Near Terracina, Italia | 8 June 68 AD - 15 January 69 AD | Seized power after Nero's suicide, with support of the Spanish legions |  |
15 January 69 AD Murdered by Praetorian Guard |
| Otho MARCVS OTHO CAESAR AVGVSTVS |
25 April 32 AD, Ferentinum, Etruria, Italia | 15 January 69 AD - 16 April 69 AD | Appointed by Praetorian Guard |  |
16 April 69 AD Committed suicide after losing Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius |
| Vitellius AVLVS VITELLIVS GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS |
24 September 15 AD, Rome | 17 April 69 AD - 20 December 69 AD | Seized power with support of German Legions (in opposition to Galba/Otho) | _01.jpg) |
20 December 69 AD Murdered by Vespasian's troops |
| Vespasian TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS |
17 November 9 AD, Falacrine, Italia | 1 July 69 AD - 24 June 79 AD | Seized power with the support of the eastern Legions (in opposition to Vitellius) |  |
24 June 79 AD "Natural Causes" |
| Titus TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS |
30 December 39 AD, Rome | 24 June 79 AD - 13 September 81 AD | Son of Vespasian |  |
13 September 81 AD Natural Causes |
| Domitian TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS |
24 October 51 AD, Rome | 14 September 81 AD - 18 September 96 AD | Son of Vespasian |  |
18 September 96 AD Assassinated by court officials |
Nervan-Antonian dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nerva MARCVS COCCIEVS NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS, |
8 November 30 AD, Narni, Italia | 18 September 96 AD - 27 January 98 AD | Appointed by the Senate |  |
27 January 98 AD Natural Causes |
| Trajan CAESAR MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA TRAIANVS AVGVSTVS |
September 18 53 AD, Italica, Hispania Baetica | 28 January 98 AD - 7 August 117 AD | Adopted son and heir of Nerva |  |
7 August 117 AD Natural Causes |
| Hadrian CAESAR PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS |
24 January 76 AD, Italica, Hispania Baetica (or Rome) | 11 August 117 AD - 10 July 138 AD | Adopted son and heir of Trajan |  |
10 July 138 AD Natural Causes |
| Antoninus Pius CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS |
19 September 86 AD, Near Lanuvium, Italia | 10 July 138 AD - 7 March 161 AD | Adopted son and heir of Hadrian |  |
7 March 161 AD Natural Causes |
| Marcus Aurelius CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS |
26 April 121 AD, Rome | 7 March 161 AD - 17 March 180 AD | Adopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius; Co-emperor with Lucius Verus until 169 AD |  |
17 March 180 AD Natural Causes |
| Lucius Verus CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS VERVS AVGVSTVS |
15 December 130 AD, Rome | 7 March 161 AD - ? March 169 AD | Adopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius; Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius until death |  |
March 169 AD Natural Causes |
| Commodus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS |
31 August 161 AD, Lanuvium, Italia | 177 AD - 31 December 192 AD | Natural son of Marcus Aurelius; joint emperor from 177 AD |  |
31 December 192 AD Assassinated in palace coup |
Year of the Five Emperors & Severan dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pertinax CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS |
1 August 126, Alba, Italia | 1 January 193 AD - 28 March 193 AD | Proclaimed emperor by Praetorian Guard |  |
28 March 193 AD Murdered by Praetorian Guard |
| Didius Julianus CAESAR MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS |
133 or 137 AD, Milan, Italia | 28 March 193 AD - 1 June 193 AD | Won auction held by Praetorian Guard for position of emperor |  |
1 June 193 AD Executed on orders of the Senate |
| Septimius Severus CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS |
11 April 145 AD, Leptis Magna, Africa | 9 April 193 AD - 4 February 211 AD | Seized power with support of Pannonian legionsa |  |
4 February 211 AD Natural Causes |
| Caracalla CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ANTONINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS |
4 April 188 AD, Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis | 198 AD - 8 April 217 AD | Son of Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus from 198 AD; with Severus and Geta from 209 AD until February 211 AD; co-emperor with Geta until December 211 AD |  |
8 April 217 AD Murdered by a soldier; probably as part of a conspiracy involving Macrinus |
| Geta CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS GETA AVGVSTUS |
7 March 189 AD, Rome | 209 AD - 26 December 211 AD | Son of Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus and Caracalla from 209 AD until February 211 AD; co-emperor with Caracalla until December 211 AD |  |
26 December 211 AD Murdered on the orders of Caracalla |
| Macrinus MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS MACRINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX with Diadumenian |
c. 165 AD, Iol Caesarea, Mauretania | 11 April 217 AD - 8 June 218 AD | Praetorian Prefect to Caracalla, probably conspired to have Caracalla murdered and proclaimed himself emperor after Caracalla's death; appointed his son Diadumenian junior emperor in May 217 |  |
8 June 218 AD Both executed in favour of Elagabalus |
| Elagabalus MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 203 AD, Emesa, Syria | 8 June 218 AD - 11 March 222 AD | Grandson of Septimius Severus's sister-in-law, alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla; proclaimed emperor by Syrian legions | _-_Musei_capitolini_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_15-08-2000_.jpg) |
11 March 222 AD Murdered by Praetorian Guard |
| Alexander Severus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ALEXANDER AVGVSTVS |
1 October 208 AD, Arca Caesarea, Iudaea | 13 March 222 AD - 18 March 235 AD | Grandson of Septimius Severus's sister-in-law, cousin and adoptive heir of Elagabalus |  |
18 March 235 AD Murdered by the army |
| Notes | aThe other claimants for the throne in the Year of the Five Emperors were Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, supported by the Syrian and British legions respectively. Although not completely defeated until 197 AD, they were not formally accepted by the senate and were therefore not technically reigning emperors; | ||||
Emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximinus Thrax CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS |
c.173 AD, Thrace or Moesia | 20 March 235 AD - April 238 AD | Proclaimed emperor by German legions after the murder of Alexander Severus |  |
April 238 AD Assassinated by Praetorian Guard |
| Gordian I CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 159 AD, Phyrgia? | 22 March 238 AD - 12 April 238 AD | Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimised by the accession of Gordian III |  |
April 238 AD Commited suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II. |
| Gordian II CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 192 AD, ? | 22 March 238 AD - 12 April 238 AD | Proclaimed emperor, alongside father Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimised by the accession of Gordian III |  |
April 238 AD Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army |
| Pupienus Maximus CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 178 AD, ? | 22 April 238 AD - 29 July 238 AD | Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the the Senate in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Balbinus and Gordian III |  |
29 July 238 AD Assassinated by Praetorian Guard |
| Balbinus CAESAR DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS |
? | 22 April 238 AD - 29 July 238 AD | Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I & II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III |  |
29 July 238 AD Assassinated by Praetorian Guard |
| Gordian III CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS AVGVSTVS |
20 January 225 AD, Rome | 22 April 238 AD - 11 February 244 AD | Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I & II, then by the Senate; joint-emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus until July 238 AD. |  |
11 February 244 AD Unknown; possibly murdered on orders of Philip the Arab |
| Philip the Arab CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS PHILLIPVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 204 AD, Shahba, Syria | February 244 AD - September/ October 249 AD | Praetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took power after his death |  |
September/ October 249 AD Killed in battle against Decius, near Verona |
| Decius CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS with Herennius Etruscus |
c. 201 AD, Budalia, Lower Pannonia | September/ October 249 AD249 AD - June 251 AD | Governor under Philip the Arab; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions and defeated Philip in battle; made his son Herennius Etruscus co-emperor in early 251 AD |  |
June 251 AD Both killed in the Battle of Abrittus fighting against the Goths |
| Hostilian CAESAR CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS |
? | June 251 AD - late 251 AD | Son of Decius, accepted as heir by the Senate |  |
September/October 251 AD Natural causes |
| Trebonianus Gallus CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVGVSTVS with Volusianus |
206 AD, Italia | June 251 AD - August 253 AD | Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Decius's death (and in opposition to Hostilian); made his son Volusianus co-emperor in late 251 AD. |  |
August 253 AD Assassinated by their own troops, in favour of Aemilianus |
| Aemilianus CAESAR MARCVS AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 207 AD Africa | August 253 AD - October 253 AD | Governor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after defeating the Goths; accepted as emperor after death of Gallus |  |
September/October 249 AD Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Valerian |
| Valerian CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVSAVGVSTVS |
c. 200 AD | October 253 AD - 260 AD | Governor of Noricum and Raetia, proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of Gallus; accepted as emperor after death of Aemilianus |  |
After 260 AD Captured in Battle of Edessa against Persians, died in captivity |
| Gallienus CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS AVGVSTVS |
? | October 253 AD - September 268 AD | Son of Valerian, made co-emperor in 253 AD |  |
September 268 AD Murdered in unclear circumstances |
| Claudius Gothicus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS |
10 May 213 AD/214 AD, Sirmium | September 268 AD - January 270 AD | Victorius general at Battle of Naissus, seized power after Gallienus's death |  |
January 270 AD Natural Causes |
| Quintillus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS AVGVSTVS |
? , Sirmium | January 270 AD - 270 AD | Brother of Claudius Gothicus, seized power after his death |  |
270 AD Unclear; possibly suicide or murder |
| Aurelian CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS |
9 September 214 AD/215 AD , Sirmium | September(?) 270 AD - September 270 AD | Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Claudius Gothicus's death, in opposition to Quintillus |  |
September 275 AD Assassinated by Praetorian Guard |
| Tacitus CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS AVGVSTVS |
?, Interamna | September 25 275 AD - June 276 AD | Elected by the Senate to replace Aurelian, after a short interregnum |  |
June 276 AD Natural Causes |
| Florianus CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVGVSTVS |
? | June 276 AD - September? 276 AD | Possibly half-brother of Tacitus, elected by the army in the west to to replace him |  |
September? 276 AD Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Probus |
| Probus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS PROBVS AVGVSTVS |
232 AD, Sirmium | September? 276 AD - September/ October 282 AD | Governor of the eastern provinces, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions in opposition to Florianus |  |
September/ October 282 AD Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Carus |
| Carus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 230 AD, Narbo | September/ October 282 AD - late July/ early August 283 AD | Praetorian Prefect to Probus; seized power either before or after Probus was murdered |  |
Late July/early August 283 AD Natural causes? |
| Carinus CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS AVGVSTVS |
? | Late July/early August 283 AD - 285 AD | Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Numerian |  |
285 AD Died in battle against Diocletian? |
| Numerian CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS |
? | Late July/early August 283 AD - 284 AD? | Son of Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother Carinus |  |
284 AD Unclear; possibly assassinated |
Dominate
Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diocletian CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 22 December 244 AD, Dioclea, Dalmatia | 20 November 284 AD - 1 May 305 AD | Proclaimed emperor by army after death of Numerian, and in opposition to Carinus; adopted Maximian as senior co-emperor in 286 AD | _-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg) |
3 Decemeber 311 AD Abdicated; died of natural causes |
| Maximian CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 250 AD, near Sirmium, Pannonia | 1 April 286 AD - 1 May 305 AD | Adopted as senior co-emperor ('Augustus') in the west by Diocletian in 286 AD |  |
310 AD Abdicated with Diocletian; twice tried to regain throne with, and then from Maxentius; captured by Constantine I and commited suicide at his behest |
| Constantius I Chlorus CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS |
31 March c. 250 AD, Dardania, Moesia | 1 May 305 AD - 25 July 306 AD | Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Maximian in 293 AD |  |
310 AD Natural causes |
| Galerius CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 260 AD, Felix Romuliana, Moesia Superior | 1 May 305 AD - May 311 AD | Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Diocletian in 293 AD |  |
311 AD Natural causes |
| Severus FLAVIVS VALERIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS |
? | Summer 306 AD - March/ April 307 AD | Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Constantius Chlorus in 305 AD; succeeded as Augustus in 306; opposed by Maxentius and Constantine I |  |
16 September 307 AD Captured by Maxentius and forced to commit suicide (or murdered) |
| Constantine I CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS VALERIVS AVGVSTVS |
27 February c. 272 AD, Naissus, Moesia Superior | 25 July 306 AD - 22 May 337 AD | Son of Constantius Chlorus, proclaimed emperor by his father's troops; accepted as Caesar (west) by Galerius in 306 AD; promoted to Augustus (west) in 307 AD by Maximian after death of Severus; refused relegation to Caesar in 309 AD |  |
22 May 337 AD Natural Causes |
| Maxentius MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXENTIVS AVGVSTVS |
c. 278 AD, ? | 28 October 306 AD - 28 October 312 AD | Son of Maximian, seized power in 306 after death of Constantius Chlorus, in opposition to Severus and Constantine I; made Caesar (west) by Maximian in 307 AD after the death of Severus |  |
28 October 312 AD Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against Constantine I |
| Maximinus Daia CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS |
20 November c. 270 AD, Dacia Aureliana | 1 May 311 AD - July/August 313 AD | Nephew of Galerius, Adopted as Caesar and his heir in 305 AD; succeeded as Augustus (shared with Licinius) in 311 AD |  |
July/August 313 AD Defeated in civil war against Licinius; probably commited suicide thereafter |
| Licinius CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS LICINIVS AVGVSTVS with Valerius Valens Martinianus |
c. 250 AD, Felix Romuliana, Moesia Superior | 11 November 308 AD - 18 September 324 AD | Appointed Augustus in the west by Galerius in 308 BC, in opposition to Maxentius; Became Augustus in the east in 311 AD after the death of Galerius (shared with Maximinus); Defeated Maximinus in civil war to become sole eastern Augustus in 313 BC; Appointed Valerius Valens in 317 AD, and Martinianus in 324 AD as western Augustus, in opposition to Constantine, both nominally ruled for a few months before being executed |  |
325 AD Defeated in civil war against Constantine I in 324 AD and captured; executed on the orders of Constantine the next year |
| Constantine II CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS |
316 AD, Arles | 22 May 337 AD - 340 AD | Son of Constantine I; appointed Caesar in 317 BC, succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantius II and Constans |  |
340 AD Died in battle against Constans |
| Constantius II CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS |
7 August 317 AD, Sirmium, Pannonia | 22 May 337 AD - 3 November 361 AD | Son of Constantine I; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantine II and Constans; sole emperor from 350 AD |  |
361 AD Natural Causes |
| Constans CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS AVGVSTVS |
320 AD, ? | 22 May 337 AD - 350 AD | Son of Constantine I; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantine II and Constantius II |  |
350 AD Assassinated on the orders of the usurper Magnentius |
| Julian CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS |
331 AD/332 AD, Constantinople, Thracia | February 360 AD - 26 June 363 AD | Cousin of Constantius II; made Caesar of the west in 355 AD; Proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 360; Sole emperor after the death of Constantius | -CNG.jpg) |
26 June 363 AD Mortally wounded in battle |
| Jovian CAESAR FLAVIVS IOVIANVS AVGVSTVS |
331 AD, Singidunum, Moesia | 26 June 363 AD - 17 February 364 AD | General of Julian's army; proclaimed emperor by the troops on Julian's death |  |
17 February 364 AD Natural causes |
Valentinian dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valentinian I FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS |
321 AD, Cibalae, Pannonia | 26 February 364 AD - 17 November 375 AD | Elected to replace Jovian by the army |  |
17 November 375 AD Natural causes |
| Valens FLAVIVS IVLIVS VALENS AVGVSTVS |
328 AD, Cibalae, Pannonia | 28 March 364 AD - 9 August 378 AD | Brother of Valentinian I, appointed co-augustus (for the east) by him |  |
9 August 378 AD Killed in Battle of Adrianople against the Goths |
| Gratian FLAVIVS GRATIANVS AVGVSTVS |
April 18/May 23 359 AD, Sirmium, Pannonia | 4 August 367 AD - 25 August 383 AD | Son of Valentinian I, appointed 'junior' Augustus by him in 367, became 'senior' augustus (for the west) after Valentinian's death. |  |
25 August 383 AD Murdered by rebellious army faction |
| Valentinian II FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS JVNIOR AVGVSTVS |
371 AD, Milan, Italia | 17 November 375 AD - 15 May392 AD | Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed emperor by Pannonian army after Valentinian's death; accepted as co-Augustus for the west by Gratian |  |
15 May392 AD Unclear; possibly murdered or commited suicide |
Theodosian dynasty
| Name | Born | Reigned | Succession | Portrait | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theodosius I FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS |
11 January 347 AD, Cauca, Hispania | 1 January 379 AD - 17 January 395 AD | Appointed as Augustus for the east by Gratian after the death of Valens; became sole 'senior' Augustus after death of Valentinian II |  |
17 January 395 AD Natural causes |
| Arcadius FLAVIVS ARCADIVS AVGVSTVS EAST |
c. 377 AD, Hispania | January 383 AD - 1 May 408 AD | Son of Theodosius I; Appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Theodosius in 383 (after the death of Gratian); became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's death |
